PMC

Segmentation of the aortic valve used for quantification of ¹⁸F-NaF uptake (shown as a green polyhedron). The valve was segmented on the end-diastolic image enclosing on the SUV_max observed in the image to ensure high test–retest repeatability. Top row shows the coronal view of the myocardium, while the lower row represents the short-axis view of the aortic valve. ECG-MC = ECG motion-corrected, 3 × MC = triple motion-corrected

A 67-year-old male status post triple valve replacement. The location of the valves can be identified by tracing a line from the anterior sulcus to the hilum. The aortic valve is positioned above the line, whereas the mitral valve (which is posterior and inferior to the aortic valve) is positioned below the line. The tricuspid valve is anterior and inferior to the aortic valve, thus it transects the line.

Model for formation of the valve margin at the border between the valve and the replum. SHP, IND, and ALC together form a nonlinear network to specify valve margin formation. SHP positively regulates both IND and ALC. IND and ALC are likely to heterodimerize to specify the separation layer, while IND specifies the lignified layer. SHP, IND, and ALC are all negatively regulated by FUL in the valves limiting valve margin formation to the edge of the valves. Likewise, SHP, IND, and ALC are negatively regulated by RPL in the replum limiting valve margin formation to the edge of the replum. FUL is not directly required for most aspects of valve formation since most aspects of valve development occur in the absence of FUL activity in ind alc shp1shp2 ful quintuple mutants. Likewise, RPL is not directly required for replum formation because the replum differentiates in shp1 shp2 rpl triple mutants. RPL and FUL primarily function to limit the differentiation of the valve margin precisely to a band at the border between the valve and replum ensuring that the fruit opens properly.

Multiscallop mitral valve prolapse and flail. (A) Transesophageal 3D surgeon’s view of the mitral valve showing prolapse of the P1 and P3 scallops with a small flail portion of the P1 scallop; (B) transesophageal 3D surgeon’s view of the mitral valve after 2 MitraClips were deployed between A1 and P1 scallops (black arrows) resulting in a triple orifice mitral valve inflow.